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to iron out differences between

  • 1 difference

    n
    1) различие, отличие
    2) разногласие, различие во мнениях; противоречие; спор

    to air one's differences — обсуждать свои противоречия

    to bridge the differences between... — преодолевать противоречия между...

    to bury / to end one's differences — покончить с разногласиями

    to heal one's differences — урегулировать разногласия; разрешать противоречия

    to make up one's differences — урегулировать разногласия; разрешать противоречия

    to narrow one's differences — уменьшать разногласия между кем-л.

    to overcome / to override differences — преодолевать разногласия / противоречия

    to paper over differences — пытаться сгладить противоречия / разногласия

    to resolve the differences between... — разрешать противоречия между...

    to set aside one's differences — отбрасывать в сторону свои разногласия / противоречия

    to settle last-minute differences — урегулировать разногласия, возникшие в последнюю минуту

    to skirt over one's differences — отбрасывать в сторону свои разногласия / противоречия

    to surmount differences — преодолевать разногласия / противоречия

    to voice one's differences in public — публично заявлять о своих разногласиях

    - big differences
    - class differences
    - deep differences
    - difference in views
    - difference of views
    - differences appear more pronounced
    - differences become sharper
    - differences grow
    - differences should not stand in the way of improved relations
    - essential difference
    - ethnic differences
    - exchange difference
    - fundamental difference
    - grave differences
    - great differences
    - ideological differences
    - income differences
    - inflation differences
    - insurmountable differences
    - internal differences
    - international differences
    - irreconcilable differences
    - major differences
    - marginal difference
    - narrowing of differences
    - national differences
    - only procedural differences stand in the way
    - peaceful settlement of differences
    - persisting differences
    - political differences
    - racial differences
    - sectarian differences
    - serious differences
    - sharp differences
    - sharpening of differences
    - social differences
    - solution of differences
    - substantial difference
    - tactical differences
    - tribal differences
    - unbridgeable differences
    - wide differences

    Politics english-russian dictionary > difference

  • 2 diferencia

    f.
    1 difference.
    el problema de esa pareja es la diferencia de edad that couple's problem is the difference in their ages
    establecer o hacer una diferencia entre to make a distinction between
    el mejor/peor con diferencia by far the best/worst
    2 difference (desacuerdo).
    tuvieron sus diferencias they had their differences
    limar diferencias to settle one's differences
    3 difference.
    tendremos que pagar la diferencia we'll have to pay the difference
    diferencia horaria time difference
    diferencia salarial wage differential
    4 differendum, difference, dispute.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: diferenciar.
    * * *
    1 difference
    2 (de opinión) difference, disagreement
    \
    hacer diferencia entre to make a distinction between
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=distinción) difference

    a diferencia de — unlike

    a diferencia de sus hermanas, ella es bajita — unlike her sisters, she's quite short

    con diferencia — by far

    Rosa es, con diferencia, la más guapa — Rosa is by far the prettiest, Rosa is the prettiest by a long way

    diferencia salarial — (Com) wage differential, pay differential

    2) (=intervalo) difference, gap

    hay una diferencia de edad de diez años entre ellosthere's an age difference o age gap of ten years between them, there's ten years' difference in age between them

    3) (=desacuerdo)

    existen diferencias en el partido con respecto al aborto — there are differences of opinion within the party on the issue of abortion

    partir la diferenciafrm to split the difference

    4) (=resto) difference
    * * *
    1) ( disparidad) difference

    a diferencia del marido, ella es encantadora — unlike her husband, she's really charming

    con diferencia: es, con diferencia, la mejor — she's easily o by far the best

    2) ( desacuerdo) difference
    3) ( resto) difference
    * * *
    = difference, discrepancy, distinction, distinguishability, mismatch, gap, dissimilarity, point of difference, differential, fault line, disconnect, diff.
    Ex. Some concepts are described differently in different versions of one language.
    Ex. Reshelving by users could explain the discrepancy.
    Ex. Variations in the extent of the description between a set of entries account to a large extent for the distinction between main, added and unit entries.
    Ex. In this article, the notion of distinguishability is used to measure the degree to which two values of an attribute are dissimilar.
    Ex. The electron microscope is a clear case of extreme mismatch between the number of citations received and the impact of the instrument in a wide area of science.
    Ex. The gap between what private and public institutions charge means that private schools are at a big disadvantage in recruiting students.
    Ex. No significant study has investigated similarities and dissimilarities betwee these two types of reviewing journal.
    Ex. Some points of difference with Canadian practices, especially as regards staffing, are noted.
    Ex. The gap between people who have the resources to access digital information and those who do not have these resources, the so-called 'digital divide', includes a differential in information literacy skills = La diferencia entre la gente que dispone de los recursos para acceder a la información digital y los que no, denominada "brecha digital", supone también una diferencia en las destrezas relacionadas con la alfabetización informacional.
    Ex. These views underlie the fault line that divides British politics today.
    Ex. The disconnect is about how the two groups view each other.
    Ex. There are some diffs between the free version and the full version.
    ----
    * acortar las diferencias = close + the gap.
    * a diferencia de = apart from, as opposed to, in contradistinction to, as contrasted with, in contrast (to/with), quite apart from, in sharp contrast (with).
    * a diferencia de + Nombre = unlike + Nombre.
    * aumentar las diferencias entre... y = widen + the gap between... and.
    * aumento de las diferencias entre... y = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.
    * con diferencia = by far.
    * confundir las diferencias entre = blur + the boundaries between.
    * con mucha diferencia = by far.
    * contrato basado en las diferencias de género = gender contract.
    * con una gran diferencia = by a huge margin.
    * desaparecer las diferencias = blur + distinctions, blur + the lines between, blur + the boundaries between.
    * desaparición de las diferencias = blurring of differences, blurring of roles, blurring of boundaries.
    * desaparición de las diferencias entre = blurring of distinctions between.
    * desdibujar las diferencias = blur + distinctions, blur + the boundaries between.
    * detectar una diferencia = detect + difference.
    * diferencia cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * diferencia cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * diferencia cultural = cultural difference.
    * diferencia debida al género = gender gap.
    * diferencia debida al sexo = gender gap.
    * diferencia de género = gender difference.
    * diferencia de horario = time differences.
    * diferencia de opinión (sobre) = difference of opinion (on).
    * diferencia de precio = price differential.
    * diferencia de precios = price differentiation.
    * diferencia de retribución entre mujeres y hombres = gender pay gap.
    * diferencia de sexo = gender difference.
    * diferencia entre... y... es mínima = line between... and... is thin.
    * diferencia generacional = generation gap.
    * diferencia horaria = time differences.
    * diferencia lingüística = language difference.
    * diferencia lógica = logical difference.
    * diferencia salarial = pay inequality.
    * diferencias de opinión = shades of opinion.
    * diferencias de precio = differential pricing.
    * diferencias de sexo = gender.
    * diferencia significativa = significant difference.
    * diferencias insalvables = irreconcilable differences.
    * diferencia social = social gap.
    * eliminar diferencias = flatten out + differences.
    * eliminar las diferencias = iron out + differences.
    * establecer una diferencia = draw + demarcation.
    * existir mucha diferencia entre... y... = be a far cry from... to....
    * haber muchísima diferencia = be in a different league.
    * hacer frente a las diferencias = face + differences.
    * indicar diferencias = point out + differences, note + difference, point to + differences.
    * insensible a las diferencias de género = gender blind.
    * limar las diferencias = iron out + differences, flatten out + differences.
    * marcar la diferencia = make + the difference, make + a difference, spell + the difference.
    * mostrar las diferencias = turn up + differences.
    * muy a diferencia de = in marked contrast to/with.
    * nadie notaría la diferencia = no one would be the wiser.
    * Número + años de diferencia = Número + year gap.
    * paliar las diferencias = bridge + the gap, bridge + the gulf.
    * que diferencia entre mayúscula y minúscula = case-sensitive.
    * rectificar la diferencia = redress + imbalance, redress + the balance.
    * reducción de las diferencias entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * reducir las diferencias = bridge + the gap, bridge + the divide, bridge + the chasm, bridge + the gulf, close + the gap.
    * reducir las diferencias entre... y = narrow + the gap between... and.
    * representar la diferencia entre... y = represent + the difference between... and.
    * resolver las diferencias = iron out + differences, resolve + Posesivo + differences, settling of differences, flatten out + differences, flush out + differences, settle + Posesivo + differences.
    * resolver una diferencia = negotiate + difference.
    * respetar una diferencia = observe + difference.
    * respeto a la diferencia = respect to differences.
    * sacar a relucir diferencias = turn up + differences.
    * saldar las diferencias = iron out + differences.
    * señalar diferencias = point out + differences, note + difference, point to + differences.
    * significar la diferencia entre... y = mean + the difference between... and.
    * sin diferencias = undifferentiated.
    * sin que se note la diferencia = seamlessly.
    * suponer la diferencia entre el éxito o el fracaso = make or break.
    * suponer una diferencia sobre = move + one away from.
    * tener sus diferencias = have + their differences.
    * * *
    1) ( disparidad) difference

    a diferencia del marido, ella es encantadora — unlike her husband, she's really charming

    con diferencia: es, con diferencia, la mejor — she's easily o by far the best

    2) ( desacuerdo) difference
    3) ( resto) difference
    * * *
    = difference, discrepancy, distinction, distinguishability, mismatch, gap, dissimilarity, point of difference, differential, fault line, disconnect, diff.

    Ex: Some concepts are described differently in different versions of one language.

    Ex: Reshelving by users could explain the discrepancy.
    Ex: Variations in the extent of the description between a set of entries account to a large extent for the distinction between main, added and unit entries.
    Ex: In this article, the notion of distinguishability is used to measure the degree to which two values of an attribute are dissimilar.
    Ex: The electron microscope is a clear case of extreme mismatch between the number of citations received and the impact of the instrument in a wide area of science.
    Ex: The gap between what private and public institutions charge means that private schools are at a big disadvantage in recruiting students.
    Ex: No significant study has investigated similarities and dissimilarities betwee these two types of reviewing journal.
    Ex: Some points of difference with Canadian practices, especially as regards staffing, are noted.
    Ex: The gap between people who have the resources to access digital information and those who do not have these resources, the so-called 'digital divide', includes a differential in information literacy skills = La diferencia entre la gente que dispone de los recursos para acceder a la información digital y los que no, denominada "brecha digital", supone también una diferencia en las destrezas relacionadas con la alfabetización informacional.
    Ex: These views underlie the fault line that divides British politics today.
    Ex: The disconnect is about how the two groups view each other.
    Ex: There are some diffs between the free version and the full version.
    * acortar las diferencias = close + the gap.
    * a diferencia de = apart from, as opposed to, in contradistinction to, as contrasted with, in contrast (to/with), quite apart from, in sharp contrast (with).
    * a diferencia de + Nombre = unlike + Nombre.
    * aumentar las diferencias entre... y = widen + the gap between... and.
    * aumento de las diferencias entre... y = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.
    * con diferencia = by far.
    * confundir las diferencias entre = blur + the boundaries between.
    * con mucha diferencia = by far.
    * contrato basado en las diferencias de género = gender contract.
    * con una gran diferencia = by a huge margin.
    * desaparecer las diferencias = blur + distinctions, blur + the lines between, blur + the boundaries between.
    * desaparición de las diferencias = blurring of differences, blurring of roles, blurring of boundaries.
    * desaparición de las diferencias entre = blurring of distinctions between.
    * desdibujar las diferencias = blur + distinctions, blur + the boundaries between.
    * detectar una diferencia = detect + difference.
    * diferencia cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * diferencia cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * diferencia cultural = cultural difference.
    * diferencia debida al género = gender gap.
    * diferencia debida al sexo = gender gap.
    * diferencia de género = gender difference.
    * diferencia de horario = time differences.
    * diferencia de opinión (sobre) = difference of opinion (on).
    * diferencia de precio = price differential.
    * diferencia de precios = price differentiation.
    * diferencia de retribución entre mujeres y hombres = gender pay gap.
    * diferencia de sexo = gender difference.
    * diferencia entre... y... es mínima = line between... and... is thin.
    * diferencia generacional = generation gap.
    * diferencia horaria = time differences.
    * diferencia lingüística = language difference.
    * diferencia lógica = logical difference.
    * diferencia salarial = pay inequality.
    * diferencias de opinión = shades of opinion.
    * diferencias de precio = differential pricing.
    * diferencias de sexo = gender.
    * diferencia significativa = significant difference.
    * diferencias insalvables = irreconcilable differences.
    * diferencia social = social gap.
    * eliminar diferencias = flatten out + differences.
    * eliminar las diferencias = iron out + differences.
    * establecer una diferencia = draw + demarcation.
    * existir mucha diferencia entre... y... = be a far cry from... to....
    * haber muchísima diferencia = be in a different league.
    * hacer frente a las diferencias = face + differences.
    * indicar diferencias = point out + differences, note + difference, point to + differences.
    * insensible a las diferencias de género = gender blind.
    * limar las diferencias = iron out + differences, flatten out + differences.
    * marcar la diferencia = make + the difference, make + a difference, spell + the difference.
    * mostrar las diferencias = turn up + differences.
    * muy a diferencia de = in marked contrast to/with.
    * nadie notaría la diferencia = no one would be the wiser.
    * Número + años de diferencia = Número + year gap.
    * paliar las diferencias = bridge + the gap, bridge + the gulf.
    * que diferencia entre mayúscula y minúscula = case-sensitive.
    * rectificar la diferencia = redress + imbalance, redress + the balance.
    * reducción de las diferencias entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * reducir las diferencias = bridge + the gap, bridge + the divide, bridge + the chasm, bridge + the gulf, close + the gap.
    * reducir las diferencias entre... y = narrow + the gap between... and.
    * representar la diferencia entre... y = represent + the difference between... and.
    * resolver las diferencias = iron out + differences, resolve + Posesivo + differences, settling of differences, flatten out + differences, flush out + differences, settle + Posesivo + differences.
    * resolver una diferencia = negotiate + difference.
    * respetar una diferencia = observe + difference.
    * respeto a la diferencia = respect to differences.
    * sacar a relucir diferencias = turn up + differences.
    * saldar las diferencias = iron out + differences.
    * señalar diferencias = point out + differences, note + difference, point to + differences.
    * significar la diferencia entre... y = mean + the difference between... and.
    * sin diferencias = undifferentiated.
    * sin que se note la diferencia = seamlessly.
    * suponer la diferencia entre el éxito o el fracaso = make or break.
    * suponer una diferencia sobre = move + one away from.
    * tener sus diferencias = have + their differences.

    * * *
    A (disparidad) difference
    la diferencia de edad entre ellos the age difference o age gap between them
    salieron con una diferencia de pocos minutos they left a few minutes apart
    a diferencia del marido, ella es encantadora unlike her husband, she's really charming
    es un hombre alegre, a diferencia de su antecesor que … he is a cheerful man, in contrast to o unlike his predecessor who …
    cagarse or sentarse en la diferencia ( vulg CS): ¿$20 en vez de $19,99? ¡me cago en la diferencia! ( vulg); $20 instead of $19.99? big difference! o big deal! o that's a hell of a difference! ( iro)
    antes me importaba mucho pero ahora me siento en la diferencia it used to bother me a lot, but now I couldn't give a damn o I couldn't care less ( colloq)
    con diferencia: es, con diferencia, la más inteligente de las dos hermanas she's easily o far and away o by far the more intelligent of the two sisters, she's the more intelligent of the two sisters by a long way o by far
    este restaurante es mucho mejor, y con diferencia this restaurant's better by far o by a long way
    Compuesto:
    time difference
    B (desacuerdo) difference
    se reunieron para tratar de resolver or saldar sus diferencias they met to try to resolve their differences
    C (resto) difference
    dame el dinero que tienes y yo pagaré la diferencia give me the money you have and I'll pay the difference o the remainder o the rest
    * * *

     

    Del verbo diferenciar: ( conjugate diferenciar)

    diferencia es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    diferencia    
    diferenciar
    diferencia sustantivo femenino


    a diferencia del marido, ella es encantadora unlike her husband, she's really charming



    resolver sus (or mis etc) diferencias to resolve one's differences


    diferenciar ( conjugate diferenciar) verbo transitivocolores/sonidos to tell the difference between, differentiate between
    diferenciarse verbo pronominal:
    ¿en qué se diferencia esta especie? what makes this species different?;

    no se diferencian en nada there's no difference between them;
    diferenciase de algo/algn to differ from sth/sb;
    solo se diferencia del otro en or por el precio the only difference between this one and the other one is the price
    diferencia sustantivo femenino difference
    ♦ Locuciones: a diferencia de, unlike
    con diferencia, by far: su hermana es la más simpática con diferencia, his sister is the nicer (de dos) o nicest (de más de dos) by far
    diferenciar verbo transitivo
    1 (saber discernir) to distinguish, tell the difference: no diferencia la seda del algodón, she can't tell the difference between silk and cotton
    2 (hacer distinto) to differentiate: eso es lo que nos diferencia, that's what makes us different

    ' diferencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abismal
    - cada
    - caja
    - cerrarse
    - diferenciar
    - discrepancia
    - distinguir
    - economía
    - error
    - fundamental
    - ganarse
    - haber
    - hablarse
    - llevar
    - llevarse
    - notable
    - piso
    - poder
    - política
    - resaltar
    - salario
    - salto
    - sensible
    - sutil
    - tarde
    - variante
    - acentuado
    - cambio
    - desigualdad
    - desnivel
    - distinción
    - mínimo
    - pequeño
    - tremendo
    English:
    appreciable
    - art
    - by
    - change
    - difference
    - discrepancy
    - distinction
    - gap
    - hate
    - insignificant
    - material
    - misunderstanding
    - now
    - opposed
    - out
    - settle
    - sharp
    - study
    - tell
    - unlike
    - up
    - within
    - world
    - yawning
    - compare
    - quite
    * * *
    1. [disimilitud] difference (con/entre from/between);
    el problema de esa pareja es la diferencia de edad that couple's problem is the difference in their ages;
    la diferencia está en que tú eres hombre the difference is that you're a man;
    establecer o [m5] hacer una diferencia entre to make a distinction between
    2. [desacuerdo] difference;
    tuvieron sus diferencias they had their differences;
    limar diferencias to settle one's differences
    3. [en suma, resta] difference ( entre between);
    tendremos que pagar la diferencia we'll have to pay the difference
    diferencia horaria time difference; Elec diferencia de potencial potential difference;
    diferencia salarial wage o pay differential
    * * *
    f
    1 difference;
    hay una diferencia como del día a la noche it’s like the difference between night and day;
    con diferencia fig by a long way
    2
    :
    diferencias pl ( desacuerdo) differences
    * * *
    1) : difference
    2)
    a diferencia de : unlike, in contrast to
    * * *
    diferencia n difference
    ¿qué diferencia hay entre los dos coches? what's the difference between the two cars?

    Spanish-English dictionary > diferencia

  • 3 eliminar

    v.
    to eliminate.
    El líquido eliminó las manchas The liquid eliminated the stains.
    El mafioso eliminó al testigo The mobster eliminated the witness.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to eliminate, exclude
    2 (esperanzas, miedos, etc) to get rid of, cast aside
    3 familiar (matar) to kill, eliminate
    * * *
    verb
    3) kill
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=hacer desaparecer) [+ mancha, obstáculo] to remove, get rid of; [+ residuos] to dispose of; [+ pobreza] to eliminate, eradicate; [+ posibilidad] to rule out

    eliminar un directorio — (Inform) to remove o delete a directory

    2) [+ concursante, deportista] to knock out, eliminate

    fueron eliminados de la competiciónthey were knocked out of o eliminated from the competition

    3) euf (=matar) to eliminate, do away with *
    4) [+ incógnita] to eliminate
    5) (Fisiol) to eliminate
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < obstáculo> to remove; < párrafo> to delete, remove
    b) < candidato> to eliminate; (Dep) to eliminate, knock out
    c) (euf) ( matar) to eliminate (euph), to get rid of (euph)
    d) < residuos> to dispose of
    2) <toxinas/grasas> to eliminate
    3) (Mat) < incógnita> to eliminate
    * * *
    = abort, cut off, delete, detach, disband, discard, dispose of, do away with, eliminate, eradicate, erase, erode, kill, obviate, purge, remove, rid, suppress, take out, withdraw, screen out, retire, squeeze out, decrement, dispel, weed out, axe [ax, -USA], abolish, pare out, chop off, excise, obliterate, scrap, take off, expunge, cut out, put to + rest, sweep away, root out, nix, drive out, deselect, strip away, roll back, efface, cashier, clear out, weed, sunset, stomp + Nombre + out, zap, take + Nombre + out.
    Ex. It is important to know what police or fire responses are triggered by alarms and how that reaction can be aborted and the alarm silenced.
    Ex. The only way to solve these problems is either to revise your catalog in its totality or to cut it off.
    Ex. Expressive notation is generally easier to truncate, that is, delete final characters to create the notation for a more general subject.
    Ex. The words from the deleted abstract in the abstract word file will be detached when DOBIS/LIBIS is not busy with other work.
    Ex. With the completion of the draft in 1983, the Working Group on an International Authority System was officially disbanded.
    Ex. The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.
    Ex. List and describe the steps involved in withdrawing and disposing of books which are no longer required.
    Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS does away with the multiplicity of files and catalogs.
    Ex. Obviously, computers and the use of notation in computerised systems may place additional constraints upon the nature of the notation, or may eliminate the need to consider some of the characteristics below.
    Ex. In this instance links would be insufficient to eradicate the false drop.
    Ex. Pressing the delete key erases a characters without leaving a blank space.
    Ex. These arrangements should also erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.
    Ex. He was looking for the book 'Flowers and Bullets and Freedom to kill' = Estaba buscando el libro "Flores, balas y libertad para matar".
    Ex. The intercalation of (41-4) after 329 obviates this function.
    Ex. The system requests the number of the borrower and then purges that borrower's name and number from its files.
    Ex. Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.
    Ex. This function can be used to rid access-point files of unused entries.
    Ex. It is possible to suppress references and to omit steps in a hierarchy.
    Ex. A scheme should allow reduction, to take out subjects and their subdivisions which are no longer used.
    Ex. Thus, all cards corresponding to documents covering 'Curricula' are withdrawn from the pack.
    Ex. Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.
    Ex. This article stresses the importance for libraries of making current informationav ailable on AIDS, and of retiring out-of-date information on the subject.
    Ex. Subjects not in the core of major employment areas are likely to be squeezed out of the standard curriculum.
    Ex. Document terms absent from the original query were decremented.
    Ex. But years and experience do not always dispel the sense of unease.
    Ex. Information services administrators expect library schools to uphold admission standards and weed out unsuitable candidates.
    Ex. 'He's been trying to cover up his tracks; those engineers who got axed were his scapegoats'.
    Ex. Who knows? If we can abolish the card catalogue and replace it with some form more acceptable to library users, they may even begin to use library catalogues!.
    Ex. Because the assumption in this method is that none of the preceding years' operations are worth continuing unless they can be shown to be necessary, zero-based budgeting (ZZB) can be useful for paring out the deadwood of obsolete or uselessly extravagant programs.
    Ex. Others chop off old records to remain within the limits of 680 MB.
    Ex. Once a new digitized system has been introduced irrelevancies and redundant features can more easily be seen and excised.
    Ex. Typing errors cannot be obliterated with a normal erasing fluid as this would print and appear as a blotch on the copies.
    Ex. There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.
    Ex. Meek took her glasses off and twiddled them as her supervisor related the following incident.
    Ex. This article examines the controversial issue about whether to expunge books about satanism from the library shelves.
    Ex. In order to support a core acquistions programme of essential materials for its users, a library will more readily cut out material on the fringe of its needs if such material can be obtained by a good document supply system.
    Ex. Careful investigation by the library board of the possibilities inherent in system membership usually puts to rest preconceived fears.
    Ex. Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.
    Ex. Libraries should root out unproductive and obsolete activities.
    Ex. This play was nixed by school officials on the grounds that the subject of sweatshops was not appropriate for that age group.
    Ex. The development of user-friendly interfaces to data bases may drive out the unspecialised information broker in the long run.
    Ex. There is a need to provide public access to the Internet and to develop guidelines for selecting and deselecting appropriate resources.
    Ex. Like its predecessor, it wants to strip away the sentimentality surrounding male-female relationships and reveal the ugly, unvarnished truth.
    Ex. Some Russia specialists say President Putin is rolling back liberal economic and political reforms ushered in by his predecessor.
    Ex. The beauty, the aliveness, the creativity, the passion that made her lovable and gave her life meaning has been effaced.
    Ex. His case was referred to the next session, and in the following May he was cashiered.
    Ex. Pockets of resistance still remain in Fallujah, but the vast majority of insurgents have been cleared out.
    Ex. It seems to me that the electronic catalog provides the ability to build a file that can, in fact, be easily weeded.
    Ex. It's instructive to remember just how passionately the media hyped the dangers of ' sunsetting' the ban.
    Ex. Like I said, no wonder racism won't die, it takes BOTH sides to stomp it out, not just one!.
    Ex. This electric fly swatter will zap any fly or mosquito with 1500 volts.
    Ex. My lasting image of Omar is of him crouched in the rubble waiting for U.S. troops to get close enough so he could take one of them out.
    ----
    * ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar al intermediario = cut out + the middleman.
    * eliminar ambigüedades = disambiguate.
    * eliminar barreras = flatten + barriers, tackle + barriers, erase + boundaries.
    * eliminar de un golpe = eliminate + at a stroke.
    * eliminar de un texto = redact out, redact.
    * eliminar diferencias = flatten out + differences.
    * eliminar el hielo = de-ice [deice].
    * eliminar el sarro = descale.
    * eliminar gases = pass + gas, break + wind, pass + wind.
    * eliminar la necesidad de = remove + the need for.
    * eliminar las barreras = break down + barriers.
    * eliminar las diferencias = iron out + differences.
    * eliminar los duplicados = deduplicate.
    * eliminar + Nombre = clear of + Nombre.
    * eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar por etapas = phase out.
    * eliminar progresivamente = phase out.
    * eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * eliminar puliendo = buff out.
    * eliminar una barrera = topple + barrier.
    * eliminar una ecuación de búsqueda = clear + search.
    * eliminar un error = remove + error.
    * eliminar un obstáculo = remove + barrier, sweep away + obstacle.
    * eliminar un problema = sweep away + problem, work out + kink.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < obstáculo> to remove; < párrafo> to delete, remove
    b) < candidato> to eliminate; (Dep) to eliminate, knock out
    c) (euf) ( matar) to eliminate (euph), to get rid of (euph)
    d) < residuos> to dispose of
    2) <toxinas/grasas> to eliminate
    3) (Mat) < incógnita> to eliminate
    * * *
    = abort, cut off, delete, detach, disband, discard, dispose of, do away with, eliminate, eradicate, erase, erode, kill, obviate, purge, remove, rid, suppress, take out, withdraw, screen out, retire, squeeze out, decrement, dispel, weed out, axe [ax, -USA], abolish, pare out, chop off, excise, obliterate, scrap, take off, expunge, cut out, put to + rest, sweep away, root out, nix, drive out, deselect, strip away, roll back, efface, cashier, clear out, weed, sunset, stomp + Nombre + out, zap, take + Nombre + out.

    Ex: It is important to know what police or fire responses are triggered by alarms and how that reaction can be aborted and the alarm silenced.

    Ex: The only way to solve these problems is either to revise your catalog in its totality or to cut it off.
    Ex: Expressive notation is generally easier to truncate, that is, delete final characters to create the notation for a more general subject.
    Ex: The words from the deleted abstract in the abstract word file will be detached when DOBIS/LIBIS is not busy with other work.
    Ex: With the completion of the draft in 1983, the Working Group on an International Authority System was officially disbanded.
    Ex: The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.
    Ex: List and describe the steps involved in withdrawing and disposing of books which are no longer required.
    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS does away with the multiplicity of files and catalogs.
    Ex: Obviously, computers and the use of notation in computerised systems may place additional constraints upon the nature of the notation, or may eliminate the need to consider some of the characteristics below.
    Ex: In this instance links would be insufficient to eradicate the false drop.
    Ex: Pressing the delete key erases a characters without leaving a blank space.
    Ex: These arrangements should also erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.
    Ex: He was looking for the book 'Flowers and Bullets and Freedom to kill' = Estaba buscando el libro "Flores, balas y libertad para matar".
    Ex: The intercalation of (41-4) after 329 obviates this function.
    Ex: The system requests the number of the borrower and then purges that borrower's name and number from its files.
    Ex: Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.
    Ex: This function can be used to rid access-point files of unused entries.
    Ex: It is possible to suppress references and to omit steps in a hierarchy.
    Ex: A scheme should allow reduction, to take out subjects and their subdivisions which are no longer used.
    Ex: Thus, all cards corresponding to documents covering 'Curricula' are withdrawn from the pack.
    Ex: Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.
    Ex: This article stresses the importance for libraries of making current informationav ailable on AIDS, and of retiring out-of-date information on the subject.
    Ex: Subjects not in the core of major employment areas are likely to be squeezed out of the standard curriculum.
    Ex: Document terms absent from the original query were decremented.
    Ex: But years and experience do not always dispel the sense of unease.
    Ex: Information services administrators expect library schools to uphold admission standards and weed out unsuitable candidates.
    Ex: 'He's been trying to cover up his tracks; those engineers who got axed were his scapegoats'.
    Ex: Who knows? If we can abolish the card catalogue and replace it with some form more acceptable to library users, they may even begin to use library catalogues!.
    Ex: Because the assumption in this method is that none of the preceding years' operations are worth continuing unless they can be shown to be necessary, zero-based budgeting (ZZB) can be useful for paring out the deadwood of obsolete or uselessly extravagant programs.
    Ex: Others chop off old records to remain within the limits of 680 MB.
    Ex: Once a new digitized system has been introduced irrelevancies and redundant features can more easily be seen and excised.
    Ex: Typing errors cannot be obliterated with a normal erasing fluid as this would print and appear as a blotch on the copies.
    Ex: There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.
    Ex: Meek took her glasses off and twiddled them as her supervisor related the following incident.
    Ex: This article examines the controversial issue about whether to expunge books about satanism from the library shelves.
    Ex: In order to support a core acquistions programme of essential materials for its users, a library will more readily cut out material on the fringe of its needs if such material can be obtained by a good document supply system.
    Ex: Careful investigation by the library board of the possibilities inherent in system membership usually puts to rest preconceived fears.
    Ex: Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.
    Ex: Libraries should root out unproductive and obsolete activities.
    Ex: This play was nixed by school officials on the grounds that the subject of sweatshops was not appropriate for that age group.
    Ex: The development of user-friendly interfaces to data bases may drive out the unspecialised information broker in the long run.
    Ex: There is a need to provide public access to the Internet and to develop guidelines for selecting and deselecting appropriate resources.
    Ex: Like its predecessor, it wants to strip away the sentimentality surrounding male-female relationships and reveal the ugly, unvarnished truth.
    Ex: Some Russia specialists say President Putin is rolling back liberal economic and political reforms ushered in by his predecessor.
    Ex: The beauty, the aliveness, the creativity, the passion that made her lovable and gave her life meaning has been effaced.
    Ex: His case was referred to the next session, and in the following May he was cashiered.
    Ex: Pockets of resistance still remain in Fallujah, but the vast majority of insurgents have been cleared out.
    Ex: It seems to me that the electronic catalog provides the ability to build a file that can, in fact, be easily weeded.
    Ex: It's instructive to remember just how passionately the media hyped the dangers of ' sunsetting' the ban.
    Ex: Like I said, no wonder racism won't die, it takes BOTH sides to stomp it out, not just one!.
    Ex: This electric fly swatter will zap any fly or mosquito with 1500 volts.
    Ex: My lasting image of Omar is of him crouched in the rubble waiting for U.S. troops to get close enough so he could take one of them out.
    * ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar al intermediario = cut out + the middleman.
    * eliminar ambigüedades = disambiguate.
    * eliminar barreras = flatten + barriers, tackle + barriers, erase + boundaries.
    * eliminar de un golpe = eliminate + at a stroke.
    * eliminar de un texto = redact out, redact.
    * eliminar diferencias = flatten out + differences.
    * eliminar el hielo = de-ice [deice].
    * eliminar el sarro = descale.
    * eliminar gases = pass + gas, break + wind, pass + wind.
    * eliminar la necesidad de = remove + the need for.
    * eliminar las barreras = break down + barriers.
    * eliminar las diferencias = iron out + differences.
    * eliminar los duplicados = deduplicate.
    * eliminar + Nombre = clear of + Nombre.
    * eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar por etapas = phase out.
    * eliminar progresivamente = phase out.
    * eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * eliminar puliendo = buff out.
    * eliminar una barrera = topple + barrier.
    * eliminar una ecuación de búsqueda = clear + search.
    * eliminar un error = remove + error.
    * eliminar un obstáculo = remove + barrier, sweep away + obstacle.
    * eliminar un problema = sweep away + problem, work out + kink.

    * * *
    eliminar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹obstáculo› to remove; ‹párrafo› to delete, remove
    para eliminar las cucarachas to get rid of o exterminate o kill cockroaches
    2 ‹equipo/candidato› to eliminate
    fueron eliminados del torneo they were knocked out of o eliminated from the tournament
    3 ( euf) (matar) to eliminate ( euph), to get rid of ( euph)
    B ‹toxinas/grasas› to eliminate
    C ( Mat) ‹incógnita› to eliminate
    * * *

     

    eliminar ( conjugate eliminar) verbo transitivo

    párrafo to delete, remove

    (Dep) to eliminate, knock out
    c) (euf) ( matar) to eliminate (euph), to get rid of (euph)


    e)toxinas/grasas to eliminate

    eliminar verbo transitivo to eliminate
    ' eliminar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acabar
    - cortar
    - descalificar
    - michelín
    - quitar
    - sonda
    - terminar
    - tranquilizar
    English:
    cut out
    - debug
    - eliminate
    - face
    - hit list
    - knock out
    - liquidate
    - obliterate
    - remove
    - weed
    - cut
    - delete
    - do
    - knock
    - take
    - zap
    * * *
    1. [en juego, deporte, concurso] to eliminate (de from);
    el que menos puntos consiga queda eliminado the person who scores the lowest number of points is eliminated;
    lo eliminaron en la segunda ronda he was eliminated o knocked out in the second round
    2. [acabar con] [contaminación] to eliminate;
    [grasas, toxinas] to eliminate, to get rid of; [residuos] to dispose of; [manchas] to remove, to get rid of; [fronteras, obstáculos] to remove, to eliminate;
    eliminó algunos trozos de su discurso he cut out some parts of his speech
    3. Mat [incógnita] to eliminate
    4. Euf [matar] to eliminate, to get rid of
    * * *
    v/t
    1 eliminate
    2 desperdicios dispose of
    3 INFOR delete
    * * *
    1) : to eliminate, to remove
    2) : to do in, to kill
    * * *
    1. (en general) to eliminate
    2. (manchas) to remove

    Spanish-English dictionary > eliminar

  • 4 противоречие противоречи·е

    contradiction; (столкновение) collision, conflict; (несоответствие) disagreement; (непоследовательность) inconsistency, repugnance

    вскрывать противоречия — to bring to light / to lay bare / to identify contradictions

    вступить в противоречиеto collide (with), to come into collision, to come / to be brought into antagonism (with)

    замазывать противоречия — to gloss over / to cover up contradictions

    обострять противоречия — to aggravate / to exacerbate / to sharpen / to peak contradictions

    внутренние противоречия — internal / inner contradictions

    вопиющее противоречие — glaring contradiction, violent discrepancy

    глубокие противоречия — deep / deep-seated contradictions

    обострение противоречий — intensification / aggravation of the antagonisms / contradictions

    противоречия, присущие чему-л. — contradictions inherent in smth.

    в противоречии с чём-л. — in contradiction with smth.

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > противоречие противоречи·е

  • 5 difference

    ˈdɪfrəns
    1. сущ.
    1) разница;
    несходство;
    отличие, различие;
    несовпадение a considerable, great, marked, noticeable, striking difference ≈ значительное различие, ощутимая разница an essential difference ≈ важное различие an irreconcilable difference ≈ непримиримое различие a minor, slight difference ≈ незначительная разница a radical difference ≈ радикальное отличие a subtle difference ≈ тонкое/специфичное отличие a superficial difference ≈ поверхностное различие It makes no difference. ≈ Нет никакой разницы;
    это не имеет значения. It makes all the difference in the world. ≈ Это существенно меняет дело;
    это очень важно. to tell the differenceразличать Syn: dissimilarity, distinction, diversity
    2) разрыв, разница (между ценами, курсами, издержками и т. п.) to speculate in differences ≈ ≈ играть на разнице to meet/pay the differenceуплатить разницу price difference
    1) различие в курсах
    2) различие в ценах
    3) разногласие, расхождение( во взглядах, мнениях и т.п.) ;
    спор;
    ссора, разрыв to compose, reconcile, resolve, settle, thrash out difference ≈ сгладить разногласия to set aside differencesуладить разногласия to settle the differences ≈ уладить спор, урегулировать разногласия, устранить разногласия to arrange a differenceуладить разногласие to have differences ≈ ссориться, расходиться во мнениях Syn: disagreement
    4) мат. разностьa world of difference ≈ совершенно отличный split the difference
    2. гл.
    1) различать, отличать (одно от другого) Every individual has something that differences it from another. ≈ В каждом индивидууме есть что-то, что отличает его от любого другого. This differences a wise man and a fool. ≈- В этом различие между умным и дураком. Syn: differentiate, distinguish
    2) устанавливать различие, проводить различие, дифференцировать;
    видеть различие These two kinds of repentance may be differenced. ≈ Между этими двумя видами раскаяния можно провести различие. Syn: discriminate, distinguish
    3) мат. вычислять разность разница;
    различие, несходство, отличие - * in appearance несходство внешности - all the * in the world существенная /большая/ разница - * of opinion расхождение во мнениях, разногласия - the * between two versions of the same text различие между двумя редакциями одного и того же текста, разночтение - with the * that... с той разницей, что... - to make a * (between) проводить различие (между) - she doesn't make any * between the children она совершенно одинаково относится к своим детям;
    она не выделяет кого-л. из своих детей - it doesn't make much * это не имеет (большого) значения, это не слишком существенно - it makes a great *, it makes all the * in the world это (совсем) другое дело;
    в этом-то все и дело - it makes no * (to me) (для меня) это не имеет значения;
    (мне) все равно - he is a businessman, but with a * он бизнесмен, но не такой, как все остальные разница (количественная) - * of five pounds разница в пять фунтов - to pay /to meet/ the * уплатить разницу - to speculate in *s (биржевое) играть на разнице - * of potentials (электротехника) разность потенциалов разногласие;
    спор;
    ссора - to have a * with smb. поспорить /поссориться/ с кем-л. - to have a * about smth. повздорить( с кем-л.) по какому-л. поводу - we sometimes have our *s у нас бывают /случаются/ разногласия, нам случается не соглашаться друг с другом - to settle /to resolve/ the * уладить спор;
    устранить разногласия - to exaggerate the *s преувеличивать разногласия - to play upon *s among smb. играть на разногласиях между кем-л. (логика) отличительное свойство( вида или класса) ;
    отличительный, дифференциальный признак (геральдика) отличительный знак (герба) (математика) разность - first order * разность первого порядка - common * of an arithmetical progression разность арифметической прогрессии > to split the * брать среднюю величину;
    поделить разницу пополам;
    сойтись в цене, сторговаться;
    идти на компромисс > to make a distinction without a * проводить слишком тонкие различия;
    мудрить, перемудрить;
    существенной разницы нет > not to know the * between chalk and cheese не понимать очевидных различий;
    путать божий дар с яичницей (книжное) различать;
    отличать (математика) вычислять разность audit ~ расхождения в ревизионной отчетности cash ~ различия в кассовой наличности conversion ~ разница при пересчете cost and price ~ разность между себестоимостью и ценой current timing ~ отклонение от текущего распределения по срокам difference мат. вычислять разность ~ несходство ~ отличать;
    служить отличительным признаком ~ отличие ~ отличительный знак( герба) ~ отличительный признак ~ приращение ~ различие ~ разница;
    различие;
    it makes no difference нет никакой разницы;
    это не имеет значения;
    it makes all the difference in the world это существенно меняет дело;
    это очень важно ~ разница ~ разногласие, расхождение во мнениях;
    ссора;
    to settle the differences уладить спор;
    to iron out the differences сгладить, устранить разногласия;
    to have differences ссориться, расходиться во мнениях ~ разногласие ~ разность ~ мат. разность ~ спор ~ ссора ~ in inflation разница в инфляции ~ in interest rates разница в процентных ставках ~ in limits insurance страхование разницы в пределах ~ in rate of exchange разница в валютных курсах ~ in the cash position разница в кассовых остатках ~ in value insurance страхование разницы в стоимости ~ of opinion расхождение в мнениях ~ of opinion расхождение во взглядах exchange ~ различие в валютных курсах ~ разногласие, расхождение во мнениях;
    ссора;
    to settle the differences уладить спор;
    to iron out the differences сгладить, устранить разногласия;
    to have differences ссориться, расходиться во мнениях ~ разногласие, расхождение во мнениях;
    ссора;
    to settle the differences уладить спор;
    to iron out the differences сгладить, устранить разногласия;
    to have differences ссориться, расходиться во мнениях ~ разница;
    различие;
    it makes no difference нет никакой разницы;
    это не имеет значения;
    it makes all the difference in the world это существенно меняет дело;
    это очень важно ~ разница;
    различие;
    it makes no difference нет никакой разницы;
    это не имеет значения;
    it makes all the difference in the world это существенно меняет дело;
    это очень важно negative translation ~ отрицательная разность при пересчете денежной суммы из одной валюты в другую numerical ~ численная разница permanent ~ постоянная разница positive translation ~ положительная разность при пересчете из одной валюты в другую price ~ различие в курсах price ~ различие в ценах price ~ разница в цене revaluation ~ ревальвационная разница rounding-off ~ различие вследствие округления ~ разногласие, расхождение во мнениях;
    ссора;
    to settle the differences уладить спор;
    to iron out the differences сгладить, устранить разногласия;
    to have differences ссориться, расходиться во мнениях to split the ~ идти на компромисс to split the ~ разделить поровну остаток split: to ~ the difference брать среднюю величину to ~ the difference идти на компромисс timing ~ хронометрирование путем изменения длительности цикла

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > difference

  • 6 allanar

    v.
    1 to flatten, to level (terreno).
    allanarle el camino a alguien to smooth the way for somebody
    2 to break into (irrumpir en).
    las tropas allanaron las viviendas de los campesinos the troops sacked the peasants' houses
    El ladrón allanó la casa contigua The thief broke into the house next door
    3 to level out, to flatten out, to roll out, to level down.
    La apisonadora allana el terreno The steamroller levels out the land.
    4 to overcome.
    5 to calm down forcibly, to calm down.
    6 to search with a warrant.
    La policía allanó la casa The police searched the house with a warrant.
    * * *
    1 (aplanar) to level, flatten
    2 (dificultad etc) to smooth out, solve, resolve
    3 (pacificar) to pacify, subdue
    4 (entrar a la fuerza) to break into
    1 (nivelarse) to level out
    2 figurado (avenirse) to agree, comply (a, with)
    \
    allanar el terreno figurado to clear the way
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=nivelar) to level, level out, make even; (=alisar) to smooth, smooth down; (Mil) to raze (to the ground)
    2) [+ problema] to iron out
    3) (Jur) [+ casa] (=robar) to break into, burgle, burglarize (EEUU); esp LAm [policía] to raid
    4) [+ país] to pacify, subdue
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (AmL) autoridad/policía to raid
    b) (Esp, Méx) delincuente to break into
    2) < problemas> to solve, resolve; < obstáculo> to remove, overcome; < terreno> to level out

    allanar(le) el terreno a alguiento smooth the way o path for somebody

    2.
    allanarse v pron

    allanarse a algo — to agree to something, agree to accept something

    * * *
    = flatten, level.
    Ex. This article describes how the organisation has been flattened into one unit during the changeover from a manual system to an automated statewide library system.
    Ex. Academic librarians have seen their budgets levelled and shrinking and have witnessed serials prices spiralling out of control.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (AmL) autoridad/policía to raid
    b) (Esp, Méx) delincuente to break into
    2) < problemas> to solve, resolve; < obstáculo> to remove, overcome; < terreno> to level out

    allanar(le) el terreno a alguiento smooth the way o path for somebody

    2.
    allanarse v pron

    allanarse a algo — to agree to something, agree to accept something

    * * *
    = flatten, level.

    Ex: This article describes how the organisation has been flattened into one unit during the changeover from a manual system to an automated statewide library system.

    Ex: Academic librarians have seen their budgets levelled and shrinking and have witnessed serials prices spiralling out of control.

    * * *
    allanar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ‹casa/edificio›
    1 ( AmL) «autoridad/policía» to raid
    2 ( Esp) «delincuente» to break into
    B
    1 ‹problemas› to solve, resolve; ‹obstáculo› to remove, overcome
    un intento de allanar las diferencias entre ellos an attempt to resolve the differences between them
    2 ‹terreno› to level out
    allanarle el terreno a algn to smooth the way o path for sb
    allanarse A algo ‹a condiciones/exigencias› to agree TO sth, agree to accept sth ‹a la demanda› ( Der) to allow sth
    * * *

    allanar ( conjugate allanar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (AmL) [autoridad/policía] to raid

    b) (Esp, Méx) [ delincuente] to break into

    2 problemas to solve, resolve;
    obstáculo to remove, overcome;
    terreno to level out;
    allanar(le) el terreno a algn to smooth the way o path for sb

    allanar verbo transitivo
    1 (nivelar un terreno) to level, flatten
    fig (quitar obstáculos) to smooth
    2 Jur to break into
    ' allanar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agreste
    - aplanar
    English:
    flatten
    - level
    - pave
    - smooth out
    - even
    - iron
    - raid
    - smooth
    * * *
    1. [terreno] to flatten, to level;
    Fig
    allanar el camino o [m5] terreno a alguien to smooth the way for sb
    2. [dificultad] to overcome;
    consiguieron allanar todas las diferencias they managed to sort out all their differences
    3. [irrumpir en] to break into;
    las tropas allanaron la ciudad the troops sacked the city
    4. Am [hacer una redada en] to raid
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( alisar) smooth
    2 ( aplanar) level (out)
    3 obstáculos overcome
    * * *
    1) : to raid, to search
    2) : to resolve, to solve
    3) : to smooth, to level out

    Spanish-English dictionary > allanar

  • 7 разногласие

    с. (в пр.)
    1. difference (of), disagreement (in), discord (in)

    между ними разногласия — they are at variance, they are in disagreement

    устранить разногласия — settle / resolve the differences; smooth / iron out the differences

    2. ( противоречие) discrepancy (between)

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > разногласие

  • 8 разногласие

    с.пр.)
    1) ( несогласие) difference (of), disagreement (in), discord (in)

    ме́жду ни́ми разногла́сия — they are at variance, they are in disagreement

    разногла́сие во взгля́дах — difference of opinion

    устрани́ть разногла́сия — settle / resolve the differences; smooth [-ð] / iron out the differences

    2) ( противоречие) discrepancy (between)

    разногла́сие в показа́ниях юр.conflicting evidence

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > разногласие

  • 9 glatte

    * * *
    vb smooth, straighten;
    ( om snedker) surface, finish off;
    [ glatte ud] smooth out ( fx creases, wrinkles);
    (fig) smooth over; iron out ( fx the differences between the
    parties);
    ( uden objekt: stifte fred) pour oil on (the) troubled waters.

    Danish-English dictionary > glatte

  • 10 deutlich

    I Adj.
    1. Ahnung, Erinnerung, Gefühl etc.: clear, distinct; Fortschritt, Unterschied: auch marked; (merklich) noticeable
    2. Aussprache: clear, intelligible; Schrift: legible
    3. (eindeutig) clear, plain; Antwort, Worte: plain; (unverblümt) blunt, plainspoken; ein deutlicher Beweis seiner Unschuld clear proof of his innocence; deutlicher Wink broad hint; etw. deutlich machen make s.th. clear ( oder plain) (+ Dat to); jemandem etw. deutlich machen auch explain s.th. to s.o.; weitS.: drive s.th. home to s.o.; sehr deutlich werden not pull any punches, talk straight with s.o. umg.; muss ich noch deutlicher werden? am I making myself understood?, have I not made myself clear enough?; eine deutliche Sprache sprechen Person: not mince matters ( oder one’s words); Sache: speak volumes
    II Adv. siehe I; deutlich besser etc. much better etc.; um es ganz deutlich zu sagen to put it quite bluntly, not to put too fine a point on it; habe ich mich deutlich genug ausgedrückt? have I made myself understood ( oder clear)?
    * * *
    notedly (Adv.); perspicuous (Adj.); lucid (Adj.); visible (Adj.); explicit (Adj.); well-defined (Adj.); conspicuous (Adj.); emphatic (Adj.); articulate (Adj.); direct (Adj.); clear (Adj.); distinct (Adj.); plain (Adj.)
    * * *
    deut|lich ['dɔytlɪç]
    1. adj
    1) (= klar) clear
    2) (= unmissverständlich) clear, plain

    eine déútliche Sprache mit jdm reden — to speak plainly or bluntly with sb

    déútlich werden — to make oneself clear or plain

    muss ich déútlicher werden? — have I not made myself clear or plain enough?

    2. adv
    1) (= klar) sehen, unterscheiden, sprechen clearly; erkennbar, hörbar, wahrnehmbar clearly, plainly

    déútlich zu erkennen/sehen/hören — easy to recognize/see/hear

    déútlich fühlen — to feel distinctly

    ich fühle déútlich, dass... — I have the distinct feeling that...

    2) (= unmissverständlich) sich ausdrücken, sagen explicitly

    jdm etw déútlich vor Augen führen — to make sth perfectly clear or plain to sb

    sich déútlich ausdrücken — to make oneself clear or plain

    ich muss es einmal déútlich sagen — let me make myself perfectly clear

    jdm déútlich zu verstehen geben, dass... — to make it clear or plain to sb that...

    * * *
    1) (striking and well-marked: a dress with bold stripes.) bold
    2) (easy to see, hear or understand: a clear explanation; The details on that photograph are very clear.) clear
    4) (easily seen, heard or noticed: There are distinct differences between the two; Her voice is very distinct.) distinct
    6) (stated, or stating, fully and clearly: explicit instructions; Can you be more explicit?) explicit
    7) (noticeably: It's markedly easier to do it by this method.) markedly
    8) (clear; striking: I have many vivid memories of that holiday; a vivid image/description.) vivid
    9) (noticeable; definite: He walks with a pronounced limp.) pronounced
    10) ((of pictures, outlines etc) clear and distinct: the sharp outline of the mountain.) sharp
    * * *
    deut·lich
    [ˈdɔytlɪç]
    I. adj
    1. (klar) clear
    [un]\deutliche Schrift [il]legible writing
    \deutliche Umrisse distinct [or clear] [or sharp] outlines
    [jdm] \deutlich werden to become clear [to sb]
    2. (eindeutig) clear
    das war \deutlich! that was clear [or plain] enough!
    \deutlich werden to make oneself clear [or plain], to use words of one syllable a. iron
    muss ich \deutlicher werden? have I not made myself clear [enough]?
    ich hoffe, ich muss nicht \deutlicher werden! I hope I won't have to spell it out
    II. adv
    1. (klar) clearly, plainly
    etw \deutlich fühlen to distinctly feel sth
    \deutlich sprechen to speak clearly [or distinctly]
    etw \deutlich zeichnen to draw sth in sharp detail/contrast
    2. (eindeutig) clearly, plainly
    sich akk \deutlich ausdrücken to make oneself clear [or plain]
    \deutlich fühlen, dass... to have the distinct feeling that...
    * * *
    1.

    daraus wird deutlich, dass/wie... — this makes it clear that/how...

    2) (eindeutig) clear, distinct <recollection, feeling>
    2.
    2) (eindeutig) clearly; plainly
    * * *
    A. adj
    1. Ahnung, Erinnerung, Gefühl etc: clear, distinct; Fortschritt, Unterschied: auch marked; (merklich) noticeable
    2. Aussprache: clear, intelligible; Schrift: legible
    3. (eindeutig) clear, plain; Antwort, Worte: plain; (unverblümt) blunt, plainspoken;
    ein deutlicher Beweis seiner Unschuld clear proof of his innocence;
    deutlicher Wink broad hint;
    etwas deutlich machen make sth clear ( oder plain) (+dat to);
    jemandem etwas deutlich machen auch explain sth to sb; weitS.: drive sth home to sb;
    sehr deutlich werden not pull any punches, talk straight with sb umg;
    muss ich noch deutlicher werden? am I making myself understood?, have I not made myself clear enough?;
    eine deutliche Sprache sprechen Person: not mince matters ( oder one’s words); Sache: speak volumes
    B. adv A;
    deutlich besser etc much better etc;
    um es ganz deutlich zu sagen to put it quite bluntly, not to put too fine a point on it;
    habe ich mich deutlich genug ausgedrückt? have I made myself understood ( oder clear)?
    * * *
    1.

    daraus wird deutlich, dass/wie... — this makes it clear that/how...

    2) (eindeutig) clear, distinct <recollection, feeling>
    2.
    2) (eindeutig) clearly; plainly
    * * *
    adj.
    bold adj.
    broad adj.
    clarion adj.
    clear adj.
    clear cut (unambiguous) adj.
    conspicuous adj.
    distinct (from) adj.
    distinct adj.
    explicit adj.
    lucid adj.
    obvious adj.
    perspicuous adj. adv.
    articulately adv.
    conspicuously adv.
    lucidly adv.
    notedly adv.
    perspicuously adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > deutlich

  • 11 tratamiento

    m.
    1 treatment.
    2 title, form of address.
    apear el tratamiento a alguien to address somebody more informally
    3 treatment (medicine).
    estoy en tratamiento I'm receiving treatment
    4 treatment (agua, sustancia, alimento).
    5 processing (computing).
    tratamiento de datos/textos data/word processing
    6 therapy, iatreusis.
    7 series of drugs that have to be taken, course.
    * * *
    1 (gen) treatment
    2 (de datos, materiales) processing
    3 (título) title, form of address
    \
    dar a alguien tratamiento de... to address somebody as
    un tratamiento a base de... MEDICINA a course of...
    tratamiento de datos data processing
    tratamiento de textos word processing
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [de objeto, material, tema] treatment; [de problema] handling, treatment
    2) (Med) treatment
    3) (Inform) processing
    4) [de persona] treatment

    el tratamiento que recibí — the way I was treated, the treatment I received

    5) (=título) title, style ( of address)
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Med) treatment

    estoy en or bajo tratamiento médico — I am undergoing medical treatment

    b) (de material, sustancia) treatment
    c) ( de tema) treatment; ( de problema) handling
    3) ( título de cortesía) form of address

    le dieron el tratamiento de señoría — they addressed him as `your Lordship'

    * * *
    = approach [approaches, -pl.], processing, treatment, approximation, course of treatment, medication, manipulation.
    Ex. During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.
    Ex. Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.
    Ex. Not all classification schemes need to aim for this comprehensive treatment.
    Ex. If we try to group the concepts arising from the titles, we find that a first approximation gives us four groups.
    Ex. Moreover, the medical profession encompasses a spectrum of opinions as to the efficacy, value, and danger attendant upon various regimens and courses of treatment.
    Ex. Information obtained was used to check diagnoses, medications, or advice given to patients.
    Ex. Indexing may rely upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.
    ----
    * aplicar un tratamiento equivocado = mistreat.
    * aplicar un tratamiento erróneo = mistreat.
    * a prueba de un tratamiento duro = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA].
    * barniz para tratamiento de la madera = wood preservative.
    * dar un tratamiento = give + treatment.
    * igualdad de tratamiento = fairness.
    * planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage plant, sewage treatment plant.
    * resistente a un tratamiento duro = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA].
    * sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.
    * tratamiento a base de hierbas = herbal treatment.
    * tratamiento alfabético = alphabetical approach.
    * tratamiento alfabético de materias = alphabetical subject approach.
    * tratamiento analítico = analytical approach.
    * tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage treatment.
    * tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage disposal.
    * tratamiento de aguas residuales = waste water treatment.
    * tratamiento de datos = transaction processing.
    * tratamiento de documentos = document processing, document handling.
    * tratamiento de fertilidad = fertility treatment.
    * tratamiento de imágenes = image processing.
    * Tratamiento de Imágenes de Documentos (DIP) = Document Image Processing (DIP).
    * tratamiento del agua = water treatment.
    * tratamiento de la información = data processing, information handling.
    * tratamiento dental = dental treatment.
    * tratamiento de textos = word processing.
    * tratamiento documental = document management.
    * tratamiento específico de la información = specific approach.
    * tratamiento hospitalario = hospital treatment.
    * tratamiento masivo = mass treatment.
    * tratamiento médico = doctoring, medical treatment.
    * tratamiento por condiciones = condition approach.
    * tratamiento por fases = phased approach.
    * tratamiento químico = chemical treatment.
    * tratamiento quirúrgico = surgical treatment.
    * tratamiento siquiátrico = psychiatric treatment.
    * tratamiento sistemático = classified approach.
    * tratamiento urgente = fast track.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Med) treatment

    estoy en or bajo tratamiento médico — I am undergoing medical treatment

    b) (de material, sustancia) treatment
    c) ( de tema) treatment; ( de problema) handling
    3) ( título de cortesía) form of address

    le dieron el tratamiento de señoría — they addressed him as `your Lordship'

    * * *
    = approach [approaches, -pl.], processing, treatment, approximation, course of treatment, medication, manipulation.

    Ex: During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.

    Ex: Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.
    Ex: Not all classification schemes need to aim for this comprehensive treatment.
    Ex: If we try to group the concepts arising from the titles, we find that a first approximation gives us four groups.
    Ex: Moreover, the medical profession encompasses a spectrum of opinions as to the efficacy, value, and danger attendant upon various regimens and courses of treatment.
    Ex: Information obtained was used to check diagnoses, medications, or advice given to patients.
    Ex: Indexing may rely upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.
    * aplicar un tratamiento equivocado = mistreat.
    * aplicar un tratamiento erróneo = mistreat.
    * a prueba de un tratamiento duro = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA].
    * barniz para tratamiento de la madera = wood preservative.
    * dar un tratamiento = give + treatment.
    * igualdad de tratamiento = fairness.
    * planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage plant, sewage treatment plant.
    * resistente a un tratamiento duro = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA].
    * sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.
    * tratamiento a base de hierbas = herbal treatment.
    * tratamiento alfabético = alphabetical approach.
    * tratamiento alfabético de materias = alphabetical subject approach.
    * tratamiento analítico = analytical approach.
    * tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage treatment.
    * tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage disposal.
    * tratamiento de aguas residuales = waste water treatment.
    * tratamiento de datos = transaction processing.
    * tratamiento de documentos = document processing, document handling.
    * tratamiento de fertilidad = fertility treatment.
    * tratamiento de imágenes = image processing.
    * Tratamiento de Imágenes de Documentos (DIP) = Document Image Processing (DIP).
    * tratamiento del agua = water treatment.
    * tratamiento de la información = data processing, information handling.
    * tratamiento dental = dental treatment.
    * tratamiento de textos = word processing.
    * tratamiento documental = document management.
    * tratamiento específico de la información = specific approach.
    * tratamiento hospitalario = hospital treatment.
    * tratamiento masivo = mass treatment.
    * tratamiento médico = doctoring, medical treatment.
    * tratamiento por condiciones = condition approach.
    * tratamiento por fases = phased approach.
    * tratamiento químico = chemical treatment.
    * tratamiento quirúrgico = surgical treatment.
    * tratamiento siquiátrico = psychiatric treatment.
    * tratamiento sistemático = classified approach.
    * tratamiento urgente = fast track.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Med) treatment
    estoy en or bajo tratamiento médico I am having o undergoing medical treatment, I'm under treatment
    tendrá que seguir un tratamiento muy largo she will have to undergo a prolonged course of treatment
    2 ( Quím, Tec) (de un material, una sustancia) treatment
    3 (de un tema) treatment
    su tratamiento de este problema es muy original her treatment of this problem is very original, the way she deals with this problem is very original
    le ha dado un tratamiento muy superficial al tema he has dealt very superficially with the subject, he has only just touched on the subject
    Compuestos:
    data processing
    data processing
    sewage treatment
    word processing
    hormone replacement therapy, HRT
    no me puedo quejar del tratamiento que recibí I can't complain about the treatment I received o about the way I was treated
    le dieron el tratamiento de señoría they addressed him as `your Lordship'
    apearle el tratamiento a algn to drop sb's title
    * * *

     

    tratamiento sustantivo masculino
    1


    no me quejo del tratamiento que recibí I can't complain about the treatment I received
    b) (Inf) (de información, datos) processing;


    2 ( título de cortesía) form of address
    tratamiento sustantivo masculino
    1 Med treatment
    2 (al dirigirse a una persona) form of address
    3 (de basuras, de un material) processing
    1 Inform processing
    tratamiento de textos, word processing
    ' tratamiento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    antefirma
    - capilar
    - el
    - reanimar
    - responder
    - respuesta
    - reverencia
    - santidad
    - señor
    - señora
    - señorita
    - señorito
    - serenísima
    - serenísimo
    - someterse
    - texto
    - tratar
    - Alteza
    - cura
    - curación
    - doloroso
    - don
    - doña
    - excelencia
    - mejorar
    - naturista
    - seguir
    - sesión
    - suspender
    - unidad
    English:
    address
    - after-care
    - course
    - dear
    - dental surgery
    - experimental
    - foul
    - humane
    - lady
    - processing
    - processor
    - proper
    - section
    - shock treatment
    - title
    - treatment
    - waterworks
    - word processing
    - handling
    - honorable
    - Ms
    - under
    - word
    * * *
    1. [de paciente, enfermedad] treatment;
    estoy en tratamiento I'm receiving treatment
    tratamiento capilar hair restoration treatment;
    tratamiento de choque: [m5] le administraron un tratamiento de choque a base de vitaminas y hierro he was given massive doses of vitamins and iron;
    tratamiento combinado combined treatment;
    tratamiento del dolor pain relief;
    tratamiento de fertilidad fertility treatment
    2. [hacia persona] treatment;
    el humillante tratamiento dado a la institución por parte de las autoridades the humiliating treatment the institution received at the hands of the authorities
    3. [título] form of address;
    apear el tratamiento a alguien to address sb more informally
    4. [de tema] treatment;
    la película tiene un tratamiento más lírico del problema que la novela the problem is given a more lyrical treatment in the movie than in the novel
    5. [de material, producto] treatment
    tratamiento de residuos waste treatment o processing
    6. Informát processing
    tratamiento de datos data processing;
    tratamiento de imagen image processing;
    tratamiento de textos word processing
    TRATAMIENTO
    In Latin America a lot of importance is attached to forms of address, which is hardly surprising in societies with pronounced differences between social classes. In many countries higher education is a privilege still largely restricted to the wealthy few and much significance is attached to university degrees and the titles that go with them. Titles such as “licenciado” (graduate, much used in Mexico), “doctor” (used, for example, in Colombia and Uruguay) and “ingeniero” (engineer) are used to address people felt to have social standing, sometimes even when they don't actually possess the degree in question. Such titles are also commonly used on business cards and in addresses.
    * * *
    m treatment
    * * *
    : treatment
    * * *
    tratamiento n treatment

    Spanish-English dictionary > tratamiento

  • 12 fein

    I Adj.
    1. Linie, Faden etc.: fine, thin; feiner Regen (light) drizzle
    2. (zart) fine, delicate; (zierlich) graceful; ein feines Gesicht oder feine Züge haben have delicate ( oder finely etched) features; feines Stimmchen finely tuned voice
    3. Kamm, Sieb, Sand, Zucker etc.: fine; feines Mehl finely ground ( oder fine-ground) flour
    4. (gering) fine, subtle; (kaum wahrnehmbar) faint, slight; (winzig) minute; feiner Unterschied der besteht: subtle difference
    5. (genau) accurate, precise; feiner Unterschied den man macht: fine ( oder subtle) distinction; feiner Beobachter keen ( oder shrewd) observer
    6. Sinne: keen, acute; Gespür: fine, sensitive; ein feines Gehör a keen ear; sie hat ein feines Auge / Ohr für she has a keen ( oder good) eye / ear for; feine Nase sensitive nose, keen ( oder good) sense of smell; fig. good nose; Gaumen
    7. Qualität: fine; (erlesen) choice; (tadellos) excellent; Gebäck: fancy; Porzellan: fine; Geruch, Geschmack etc.: exquisite, refined; die feine Küche haute cuisine; das Feinste vom Feinsten the very best, the best that money can buy; das ist Käse vom Feinsten this cheese is of the finest quality
    8. umg. (gut) fein! (o.k.) good!; (das ist toll) great!; fein, dass du da bist it’s great that you’re here; das ist schon eine feine Sache it’s really clever ( oder brilliant); das Feine daran ist... the great thing about it is that...
    9. Humor: subtle; Geschmack: refined, cultivated
    10. (vornehm) distinguished, refined; (elegant) elegant, smart; Restaurant etc.: fancy, posh; der feine Ton good form; die feinen Leute the upper classes, the top people, Brit. auch the nobs umg. altm.; ein feiner Herr iro. a (real) gent umg.; sich (Dat) für etw. zu fein sein think s.th. is beneath one; ich bin dir wohl nicht fein genug I’m not good enough for you, then, am I?; das ist aber nicht gerade die feine englische Art that’s not the proper way of doing things; sich fein machen get dressed up, dress up; put on one’s best clothes; du hast dich aber fein gemacht! you look very smart (Am. really sharp)
    11. umg. (anständig, nett) nice; er / sie ist ein feiner Kerl he’s a great fellow (Am. guy) / she’s really great; du bist mir ein feiner Freund! iro. a fine friend you are
    II Adv.
    1. finely; fein geschnitten finely cut ( oder sliced); Kräuter fein hacken chop herbs finely; fein gemahlenes Mehl finely ground ( oder fine-ground) flour; fein poliert highly finished
    2. (gut) well, nicely; fein schmecken taste good ( stärker: delicious); das hast du fein gemacht! zum Kind: good boy ( oder girl); er ist fein (he) raus umg. he’s sitting pretty
    3. (sehr) really; fein säuberlich nice and neat
    4. (elegant) smartly
    5. (genau) precisely; Details fein herausarbeiten work out details meticulously, pay meticulous attention to detail
    6. (brav, schön) Kindern gegenüber: jetzt sitz mal fein still now sit nice and still; iss fein auf eat it all up, there’s a good boy / girl
    * * *
    nicely (Adv.);
    (dünn) tenuous (Adj.); delicate (Adj.); fine (Adj.);
    (erlesen) choice (Adj.);
    (genau) precise (Adj.); accurate (Adj.);
    (hübsch) nice (Adj.);
    (subtil) subtle (Adj.);
    (vornehm) refined (Adj.); gentlemanly (Adj.); gentlemanlike (Adj.);
    (zierlich) dainty (Adj.); graceful (Adj.)
    * * *
    [fain]
    1. adj
    1) (= nicht grob) fine; Humor, Ironie delicate; Unterschied subtle; (fig = listig) cunning
    2) (= erlesen) excellent, choice attr; Geruch, Geschmack delicate; Gold, Silber refined; Mensch, Charakter thoroughly nice; (= prima) great (inf), splendid, swell (esp US inf); (iro) fine

    ein féíner Kerl — a great guy (inf), a splendid person

    féín! — great! (inf), marvellous! (Brit), marvelous! (US)

    féín, dass... — great that... (inf), (I'm) so glad that...

    das ist nicht die féíne englische Art — that's not the proper way to go about things

    vom Feinsten seinto be first-rate

    3) (= scharf) sensitive, keen; Gehör, Gefühl auch acute
    4) (= vornehm) refined, fine (esp iro), posh (inf)

    nicht féín genug sein — not to be good enough

    zu féín — that's beneath her

    2. adv
    1) (= nicht grob) gemahlen, gesponnen, schleifen, geädert finely

    ein féín gestreiftes Hemd — a shirt with very thin stripes

    sie hat ein féín geschnittenes Gesicht — she has fine features

    féín geschwungene Augenbrauen — finely arched eyebrows

    2)

    (= gut) féín säuberlich — (nice and) neat

    etw féín machen — to do sth beautifully

    das war von dir aber wieder féín bemerkt — you have such a nice way of putting things

    féín (he)raus sein — to be sitting pretty

    3)

    (= genau) etw féín einstellen — to adjust sth precisely

    4)

    (= elegant) er hat sich féín gemacht — he's dressed to kill (inf)

    sie hat sich féín gemacht — she's all dolled up (inf)

    du gehst jetzt féín nach Hause — now just you go straight home

    sei jetzt mal féín still — now keep nice and quiet or very very quiet

    * * *
    1) (made of small pieces, grains etc: fine sand; fine rain.) fine
    2) (slight; delicate: a fine balance; a fine distinction.) fine
    4) (able to do fine, accurate work: a delicate instrument.) delicate
    6) (very polite; well-mannered; elegant.) refined
    8) (faint or delicate in quality, and therefore difficult to describe or explain: There is a subtle difference between `unnecessary' and `not necessary'; a subtle flavour.) subtle
    * * *
    [ˈfain]
    I. adj
    1. (nicht grob) fine; (zart) delicate
    \feines Haar fine hair
    2. (vornehm) distinguished
    \feine Dame/ \feiner Herr a distinguished lady/gentleman
    \feiner Pinkel (pej fam) a person who gives himself airs BRIT
    sich dat für etw akk zu \fein sein sth is beneath one
    3. (von hoher Qualität) exquisite, excellent, choice
    das F\feinste vom F \feinen the best [of the best], the crème de la crème
    vom F\feinsten of the highest quality; (rein) pure
    aus \feinem Gold/Silber made out of pure gold/silver
    4. (fam: anständig) decent; (iron) fine iron
    du bist mir ja ein \feiner Freund! you're a fine friend! iron
    5. (scharf, feinsinnig) keen, acute, sensitive
    ein \feines Gehör haben to have an acute sense of hearing
    eine \feine Nase haben to have a very keen [or acute] sense of smell
    6. (dezent) delicate
    \feiner Humor delicate sense of humour [or AM -or]
    \feine Ironie subtle irony
    7. (fam: erfreulich) fine, super, perfect, great
    \fein! great!
    \fein, dass... it's great that...
    8.
    \fein heraus [o raus] sein (fam) to be in a nice position
    II. adv
    1. vor adj, adv (kindersprache: hübsch) nice and..., just childspeak
    seid \fein artig! just be good now!
    2. (genau) fine, precise
    \fein säuberlich accurate
    3. (zart, klein) finely
    \fein gemahlen fine-ground, finely ground
    sich akk \fein machen to dress up
    * * *
    1.
    1) (zart) fine < material, line, etc.>
    2) (feinkörnig) fine < sand, powder>; finely-ground < flour>; finely-granulated < sugar>

    etwas fein mahlengrind something fine

    3) (hochwertig) high-quality <fruit, soap, etc.>; fine <silver, gold, etc.>; fancy <cakes, pastries, etc.>
    4) (ugs.): (erfreulich) great (coll.); marvellous
    5) (feingeschnitten) finely shaped, delicate <hands, features, etc.>
    6) (scharf, exakt) keen, sensitive < hearing>; keen < sense of smell>
    7) (ugs.): (anständig, nett) great (coll.), splendid < person>

    eine feine Verwandtschaft/Gesellschaft — (iron.) a fine or nice family/crowd

    8) (einfühlsam) delicate < sense of humour>; keen <sense, understanding>
    9) (gediegen, vornehm) refined < gentleman, lady>

    sich fein machen(ugs.) dress up

    2.
    1)

    fein [he]raus sein — (ugs.) be sitting pretty (coll.)

    2) (ugs.): (bekräftigend)
    * * *
    A. adj
    1. Linie, Faden etc: fine, thin;
    feiner Regen (light) drizzle
    2. (zart) fine, delicate; (zierlich) graceful;
    feine Züge haben have delicate ( oder finely etched) features;
    feines Stimmchen finely tuned voice
    3. Kamm, Sieb, Sand, Zucker etc: fine;
    feines Mehl finely ground ( oder fine-ground) flour
    4. (gering) fine, subtle; (kaum wahrnehmbar) faint, slight; (winzig) minute;
    feiner Unterschied der besteht: subtle difference
    5. (genau) accurate, precise;
    feiner Unterschied den man macht: fine ( oder subtle) distinction;
    feiner Beobachter keen ( oder shrewd) observer
    6. Sinne: keen, acute; Gespür: fine, sensitive;
    ein feines Gehör a keen ear;
    sie hat ein feines Auge/Ohr für she has a keen ( oder good) eye/ear for;
    feine Nase sensitive nose, keen ( oder good) sense of smell; fig good nose; Gaumen
    7. Qualität: fine; (erlesen) choice; (tadellos) excellent; Gebäck: fancy; Porzellan: fine; Geruch, Geschmack etc: exquisite, refined;
    die feine Küche haute cuisine;
    das Feinste vom Feinsten the very best, the best that money can buy;
    das ist Käse vom Feinsten this cheese is of the finest quality
    8. umg (gut)
    fein! (o.k.) good!; (das ist toll) great!;
    fein, dass du da bist it’s great that you’re here;
    das ist schon eine feine Sache it’s really clever ( oder brilliant);
    das Feine daran ist … the great thing about it is that …
    9. Humor: subtle; Geschmack: refined, cultivated
    10. (vornehm) distinguished, refined; (elegant) elegant, smart; Restaurant etc: fancy, posh;
    der feine Ton good form;
    die feinen Leute the upper classes, the top people, Br auch the nobs umg obs;
    ein feiner Herr iron a (real) gent umg;
    sich (dat)
    für etwas zu fein sein think sth is beneath one;
    ich bin dir wohl nicht fein genug I’m not good enough for you, then, am I?;
    das ist aber nicht gerade die feine englische Art that’s not the proper way of doing things;
    sich fein machen get dressed up, dress up; put on one’s best clothes;
    du hast dich aber fein gemacht! you look very smart (US really sharp)
    11. umg (anständig, nett) nice;
    er/sie ist ein feiner Kerl he’s a great fellow (US guy)/she’s really great;
    du bist mir ein feiner Freund! iron a fine friend you are
    B. adv
    1. finely;
    fein geschnitten finely cut ( oder sliced);
    Kräuter fein hacken chop herbs finely;
    fein gemahlenes Mehl finely ground ( oder fine-ground) flour;
    fein poliert highly finished
    2. (gut) well, nicely;
    fein schmecken taste good ( stärker: delicious);
    das hast du fein gemacht! zum Kind: good boy ( oder girl);
    er ist fein (he)raus umg he’s sitting pretty
    3. (sehr) really;
    fein säuberlich nice and neat
    4. (elegant) smartly
    5. (genau) precisely;
    Details fein herausarbeiten work out details meticulously, pay meticulous attention to detail
    6. (brav, schön) Kindern gegenüber:
    jetzt sitz mal fein still now sit nice and still;
    iss fein auf eat it all up, there’s a good boy/girl
    * * *
    1.
    1) (zart) fine <material, line, etc.>
    2) (feinkörnig) fine <sand, powder>; finely-ground < flour>; finely-granulated < sugar>
    3) (hochwertig) high-quality <fruit, soap, etc.>; fine <silver, gold, etc.>; fancy <cakes, pastries, etc.>
    4) (ugs.): (erfreulich) great (coll.); marvellous
    5) (feingeschnitten) finely shaped, delicate <hands, features, etc.>
    6) (scharf, exakt) keen, sensitive < hearing>; keen < sense of smell>
    7) (ugs.): (anständig, nett) great (coll.), splendid < person>

    eine feine Verwandtschaft/Gesellschaft — (iron.) a fine or nice family/crowd

    8) (einfühlsam) delicate < sense of humour>; keen <sense, understanding>
    9) (gediegen, vornehm) refined <gentleman, lady>

    sich fein machen(ugs.) dress up

    2.
    1)

    fein [he]raus sein — (ugs.) be sitting pretty (coll.)

    2) (ugs.): (bekräftigend)
    * * *
    adj.
    fine adj.
    nice adj.
    pretty adj.
    subtle adj. adv.
    finely adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > fein

  • 13 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 14 settle

    1. transitive verb
    1) (place) (horizontally) [sorgfältig] legen; (vertically) [sorgfältig] stellen; (at an angle) [sorgfältig] lehnen

    he settled himself comfortably on the coucher machte es sich (Dat.) auf der Couch bequem

    2) (establish) (in house or business) unterbringen; (in country or colony) ansiedeln [Volk]
    3) (determine, resolve) aushandeln, sich einigen auf [Preis]; beilegen [Streit, Konflikt, Meinungsverschiedenheit]; beseitigen, ausräumen [Zweifel, Bedenken]; entscheiden [Frage, Spiel]; regeln, in Ordnung bringen [Angelegenheit]

    that settles itdann ist ja alles klar (ugs.); (expr. exasperation) jetzt reicht's! (ugs.)

    settle one's affairsseine Angelegenheiten in Ordnung bringen; seinen Nachlass regeln

    4) (deal with, dispose of) fertig werden mit
    5) bezahlen, (geh.) begleichen [Rechnung, Betrag]; erfüllen [Forderung, Anspruch]; ausgleichen [Konto]
    6) (cause to sink) sich absetzen lassen [Bodensatz, Sand, Sediment]
    7) (calm) beruhigen [Nerven, Magen]
    8) (colonize) besiedeln
    9) (bestow)

    settle money/property on somebody — jemandem Geld/Besitz übereignen

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (become established) sich niederlassen; (as colonist) sich ansiedeln
    2) (end dispute) sich einigen
    3) (pay what is owed) abrechnen
    4) (in chair etc.) sich niederlassen; (to work etc.) sich konzentrieren (to auf + Akk.); (into way of life etc.) sich gewöhnen ( into an + Akk.)

    the snow/dust settled on the ground — der Schnee blieb liegen/der Staub setzte sich [am Boden] ab

    darkness/silence/fog settled over the village — Dunkelheit/Stille/Nebel legte od. senkte sich über das Dorf

    5) (subside) [Haus, Fundament, Boden:] sich senken; [Sediment:] sich ablagern
    6) (be digested) [Essen:] sich setzen; (become calm) [Magen:] sich beruhigen
    7) (become clear) [Wein, Bier:] sich klären
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/91431/settle_back">settle back
    * * *
    ['setl]
    1) (to place in a position of rest or comfort: I settled myself in the armchair.) sich niederlassen
    2) (to come to rest: Dust had settled on the books.) sich legen
    3) (to soothe: I gave him a pill to settle his nerves.) beruhigen
    4) (to go and live: Many Scots settled in New Zealand.) sich niederlassen
    5) (to reach a decision or agreement: Have you settled with the builders when they are to start work?; The dispute between management and employees is still not settled.) klären
    6) (to pay (a bill).) begleichen
    - settlement
    - settler
    - settle down
    - settle in
    - settle on
    - settle up
    * * *
    set·tle
    [ˈsetl̩, AM ˈset̬l̩]
    I. vi
    1. (get comfortable) es sich dat bequem machen
    we \settled in front of the television wir machten es uns vor dem Fernseher bequem fam
    2. (calm down) person sich akk beruhigen; anger, excitement sich akk legen; weather beständig werden
    3. AUS, BRIT (apply oneself)
    to \settle to sth sich akk etw dat widmen
    to \settle to work sich akk an die Arbeit machen
    4. (end dispute) sich akk einigen
    to \settle on sth sich akk für etw akk entscheiden; (agree on) sich akk auf etw akk einigen
    to \settle on a name sich akk für einen Namen entscheiden
    to \settle for sth mit etw dat zufrieden sein
    I'll \settle for chicken and chips ich nehme Hähnchen mit Pommes frites
    6. ( form: pay) begleichen geh
    to \settle with sb mit jdm abrechnen [o fam Kasse machen
    7. (take up residence) sich akk niederlassen
    after they got married, they \settled in Brighton nach ihrer Hochzeit zogen sie nach Brighton
    8. (get used to)
    to \settle into sth sich akk an etw akk gewöhnen
    it took Ed a long time to \settle into living in London es dauerte lange, bis sich Ed an das Leben in London gewöhnt hatte
    9. (alight on surface) sich akk niederlassen; (build up) sich akk anhäufen [o ansammeln]; (sink) [ab]sinken; particles in liquid sich senken; house, wall, dust sich setzen
    do you think the snow will \settle? glaubst du, dass der Schnee liegen bleibt?
    a peaceful expression \settled on her face ( fig) ein friedlicher Ausdruck legte sich auf ihr Gesicht
    II. vt
    1. (calm down)
    to \settle sb/sth jdn/etw beruhigen
    to \settle the children for the night die Kinder für die Nacht zurechtmachen
    to \settle one's stomach seinen Magen beruhigen
    to \settle sth etw entscheiden; (deal with) etw regeln; (in writing) etw [schriftlich] festlegen
    it's been \settled that we'll spend Christmas at home wir haben vereinbart, Weihnachten zu Hause zu verbringen
    to \settle when/where/why... entscheiden, wann/wo/warum...
    to \settle the details of a contract die Einzelheiten eines Vertrags aushandeln
    3. (bring to conclusion)
    to \settle sth etw erledigen; (resolve) etw beilegen; business transaction abwickeln
    that \settles that damit hat sich das erledigt, und damit hat sich's! fam
    to \settle one's affairs ( form) seine Angelegenheiten regeln [o in Ordnung bringen]
    to \settle an argument [or a dispute] /differences einen Streit/Unstimmigkeiten beilegen
    to \settle a crisis/a problem eine Krise/ein Problem lösen
    to \settle a grievance einen Missstand beseitigen
    to \settle a lawsuit einen Prozess durch einen Vergleich beilegen
    to \settle a matter eine Angelegenheit regeln
    to \settle a strike einen Streik beenden
    to \settle sth etw begleichen geh
    to \settle sth on sb (bequeath) jdm etw hinterlassen [o vererben] [o fam vermachen]
    to \settle an account ein Konto ausgleichen
    to \settle money/property on sb jdm Geld/Besitz übertragen
    to \settle a place einen Ort besiedeln
    6. ECON
    to \settle a property in trust Eigentum einer Treuhänderschaft übertragen [o überschreiben]
    \settled property in Treuhänderschaft überschriebenes Eigentum
    7.
    to \settle an account [or a score] [or old scores] [with sb] [mit jdm] abrechnen fig
    * * *
    I ['setl]
    n
    (Wand)bank f II
    1. vt
    1) (= decide) entscheiden; (= sort out) regeln, erledigen; problem, question, points klären; dispute, differences, quarrel beilegen, schlichten; doubts ausräumen, beseitigen; date, place vereinbaren, ausmachen (inf); venue festlegen or -setzen; deal abschließen; price sich einigen auf (+acc), aushandeln; terms aushandeln

    the result of the game was settled in the first halfdas Ergebnis des Spiels stand schon in der ersten Halbzeit fest

    that's settled thendas ist also klar or geregelt

    that settles it — damit wäre der Fall (ja wohl) erledigt; (angry) jetzt reichts

    2) (= pay) bill begleichen, bezahlen; account ausgleichen
    3) (= calm) nerves, stomach beruhigen

    we need rain to settle the dust — wir brauchen Regen, damit sich der Staub setzt

    4) (= place carefully) legen; (in upright position) stellen; (= make comfortable for sleep etc) child, invalid versorgen; pillow zurechtlegen

    to settle oneself comfortably in an armchaires sich (dat) in einem Sessel bequem machen

    to settle oneself to doing sth — sich daranmachen, etw zu tun

    to settle one's gaze on sb/sth — seinen Blick auf jdm/etw ruhen lassen

    5) (= establish in house) unterbringen
    6)

    to settle sb into a house/job — jdm helfen, sich häuslich einzurichten/sich in eine Stellung einzugewöhnen

    See:
    7) (= colonize) land besiedeln; (= set up) people ansiedeln
    8) (form)

    to settle money/property on sb — jdm Geld/Besitz überschreiben or übertragen; (in will) jdm Geld/Besitz vermachen

    9) (inf

    = put an end to) I'll soon settle his nonsense —

    I'll soon settle him (verbally also)dem werd ichs geben (inf) dem werd ich was erzählen (inf)

    that settled him!da hatte er sein Fett weg (inf)

    2. vi
    1) (= put down roots) sesshaft werden; (in country, town, profession) sich niederlassen; (as settler) sich ansiedeln; (in house) sich häuslich niederlassen, sich einrichten; (= feel at home) (in house, town, country) sich einleben (into in +dat); (in job, surroundings) sich eingewöhnen (into in +dat)

    to settle into a habitsich (dat) etw angewöhnen

    as he settled into middle ageals er älter und reifer wurde

    2) (= become less variable weather) beständig werden
    3) (= become calm child, matters, stomach) sich beruhigen; (panic, excitement) sich legen; (= become less excitable or restless) zur Ruhe kommen, ruhiger werden
    4) (= come to rest, sit down person, bird, insect) sich niederlassen or setzen; (dust) sich setzen or legen; (= sink slowly, subside, building, walls) sich senken; (ground, liquid, sediment, coffee grounds) sich setzen; (wine) sich beruhigen

    to settle comfortably in an armchaires sich (dat) in einem Sessel gemütlich or bequem machen

    fog/silence settled over the city — Nebel/Stille legte sich über die Stadt or breitete sich über der Stadt aus

    See:
    dust
    5) (JUR)

    to settle ( out of court) — sich vergleichen

    6) (= pay) bezahlen → also settle with
    See:
    → also settle with
    * * *
    settle1 [ˈsetl]
    A v/t
    1. vereinbaren, (gemeinsam) festsetzen, sich einigen auf (akk):
    it is as good as settled es ist so gut wie abgemacht; hash1 C 3
    2. ein Zimmer etc richten, in Ordnung bringen
    3. auch settle up WIRTSCH erledigen, in Ordnung bringen, regeln:
    a) bezahlen, eine Rechnung etc auch begleichen
    b) ein Konto ausgleichen
    c) eine Transaktion etc abwickeln
    d) einen Anspruch befriedigen: account C 1, book A 9
    4. a) Menschen ansiedeln, ansässig machen
    b) Land besiedeln, kolonisieren
    c) Handelsniederlassungen etc errichten, etablieren
    5. a) jemanden (beruflich, häuslich etc) etablieren, unterbringen
    b) ein Kind etc versorgen, ausstatten
    c) seine Tochter verheiraten
    6. die Füße, den Hut etc (fest) setzen (on auf akk)
    7. settle o.s. sich niederlassen (in in einen od einem Sessel etc; on auf einen od einem Stuhl)
    8. settle o.s. to sich an eine Arbeit etc machen, sich anschicken zu
    9. auch settle down jemanden, den Magen, die Nerven etc beruhigen
    10. den Boden, auch fig jemanden, den Glauben, die Ordnung festigen:
    settle a road eine Straße befestigen
    11. a) eine Institution etc gründen, aufbauen (on auf dat)
    b) eine Sprache regeln
    12. eine Frage etc klären, regeln, entscheiden, erledigen:
    a) damit ist der Fall erledigt,
    b) iron jetzt ist es endgültig aus
    13. a) einen Streit beilegen, schlichten: court A 10
    14. umg jemanden fertigmachen, zum Schweigen bringen (auch weitS. töten)
    15. a) eine Flüssigkeit ablagern lassen, klären
    b) Trübstoffe sich setzen lassen
    16. den Inhalt eines Sackes etc sich setzen lassen, zusammenstauchen: shake the bag to settle the flour damit sich das Mehl setzt
    17. seine Angelegenheiten (vor dem Tod) ordnen, in Ordnung bringen, seinen Nachlass regeln
    18. (on, upon)
    a) den Besitz etc übertragen (dat oder auf akk)
    b) (letztwillig) vermachen (dat)
    c) ein Legat, eine Rente etc aussetzen (dat oder für)
    19. die Erbfolge regeln, bestimmen
    B v/i
    1. A 7:
    settle back sich (gemütlich) zurücklehnen
    2. a) sich ansiedeln oder niederlassen (in in dat)
    b) settle in sich einrichten
    c) settle in sich einleben, sich eingewöhnen:
    settle into a new job sich an einem neuen Arbeitsplatz eingewöhnen
    a) sich niederlassen (in in dat),
    b) sich (häuslich) niederlassen (in in dat),
    c) auch marry and settle down einen Hausstand gründen
    d) sesshaft werden, zur Ruhe kommen
    e) es sich gemütlich machen
    4. meist settle down fig sich legen (Zorn etc), (auch Person) sich beruhigen
    5. settle down to sich widmen (dat), sich an eine Arbeit etc machen
    6. settle on fallen auf (akk), sich zuwenden (dat), sich konzentrieren auf (akk):
    7. MED sich festsetzen (on, in in dat), sich legen (on auf akk)
    8. beständig(er) werden (Wetter):
    it settled in for rain es regnete sich ein;
    it is settling for a frost es wird Frost geben
    9. sich senken oder setzen (Grundmauern etc)
    10. auch settle down SCHIFF langsam absacken (Schiff)
    11. sich setzen (Trübstoffe), sich (ab)klären (Flüssigkeit)
    12. sich legen (Staub)
    13. sich einigen:
    settle (up)on
    a) sich entscheiden für, sich entschließen zu,
    b) sich einigen auf (akk); court A 10
    a) sich zufriedengeben mit, sich begnügen mit,
    b) sich abfinden mit
    15. eine Vereinbarung treffen
    a) zahlen,
    b) abrechnen ( with mit) (a. fig)
    a) abrechnen mit (a. fig),
    b) WIRTSCH einen Vergleich schließen mit,
    c) WIRTSCH einen Gläubiger abfinden
    settle2 [ˈsetl] s Sitz-, Ruhebank f (mit hoher Rückenlehne)
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (place) (horizontally) [sorgfältig] legen; (vertically) [sorgfältig] stellen; (at an angle) [sorgfältig] lehnen
    3) (determine, resolve) aushandeln, sich einigen auf [Preis]; beilegen [Streit, Konflikt, Meinungsverschiedenheit]; beseitigen, ausräumen [Zweifel, Bedenken]; entscheiden [Frage, Spiel]; regeln, in Ordnung bringen [Angelegenheit]

    that settles itdann ist ja alles klar (ugs.); (expr. exasperation) jetzt reicht's! (ugs.)

    settle one's affairs — seine Angelegenheiten in Ordnung bringen; seinen Nachlass regeln

    4) (deal with, dispose of) fertig werden mit
    5) bezahlen, (geh.) begleichen [Rechnung, Betrag]; erfüllen [Forderung, Anspruch]; ausgleichen [Konto]
    6) (cause to sink) sich absetzen lassen [Bodensatz, Sand, Sediment]
    7) (calm) beruhigen [Nerven, Magen]
    8) (colonize) besiedeln

    settle money/property on somebody — jemandem Geld/Besitz übereignen

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (become established) sich niederlassen; (as colonist) sich ansiedeln
    2) (end dispute) sich einigen
    3) (pay what is owed) abrechnen
    4) (in chair etc.) sich niederlassen; (to work etc.) sich konzentrieren (to auf + Akk.); (into way of life etc.) sich gewöhnen ( into an + Akk.)

    the snow/dust settled on the ground — der Schnee blieb liegen/der Staub setzte sich [am Boden] ab

    darkness/silence/fog settled over the village — Dunkelheit/Stille/Nebel legte od. senkte sich über das Dorf

    5) (subside) [Haus, Fundament, Boden:] sich senken; [Sediment:] sich ablagern
    6) (be digested) [Essen:] sich setzen; (become calm) [Magen:] sich beruhigen
    7) (become clear) [Wein, Bier:] sich klären
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    abmachen v.
    bereinigen (Konto) v.
    bereinigen (Streit) v.
    besiedeln v.
    sich einen Wohnsitz nehmen ausdr.
    sich niederlassen v.

    English-german dictionary > settle

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